How does budding occur in sponges

The living contents of the gemmules escape out through the micropylar opening and form the new sponge. These new sponge gives rise to summer generation by producing spermatozoa and ova. The summer generation dies off in autumn living behind gemmules which hatch in spring. The life history of such sponges illustrates alternation of generation.

All animals, particularly the less specialized ones, can replace their lost or injured parts. This process is known as regeneration. The power of regeneration is greater in simple animals and simple tissues. Sponges which have low grade of organization exhibit high degree of regeneration power. Thus epithelial tissue regenerates readily whereas highly differentiated tissues such as muscle or nerve tissue have limited power of regeneration.

Sponges are undoubtedly the best at regeneration. As sponges can be cut up tiny pieces or even mashed up into a paste and as long as they have two special cells called collencytes which produce mesohyl the gelatinous matrix in the sponge that forms a sort of psuedotissue and archeocytes which produce all the other cells in the sponges body the sponge will survive and reform into the spongelet and then into an adult sponge.

As long as a fragment of a sponge has these two cells the animal can survive the most brutal of Injuries and in a few weeks be back to its normal form, provided it has favourable environment. This feature makes sponges one of the most awesome animals ever. The regeneration power of sponges is demonstrated by the experiments carried out by Wilson in If a sponge is chopped into small pieces, run through a meat grinder and then squeezed through a fine blotting cloth then all the sponge cells are separated from each other.

In a suitable some of these disunited cells unite to form small aggregates or spongelets. In course of several days these spongelets acquire canals, flagellated chambers and skeleton thus growing into new sponge. Cells from different species of sponges may adhere temporarily but later separate without re-forming a sponge.

According to the experiments conducted by Bergquist, if a tissue if grafted in a sponge from another sponge of the same species, the host and the graft will grow together. If the graft is from different species, then the host will reject the graft. According to the experiments conducted by Humphrey, calcium and magnesium ions are necessary for regeneration.

Some unknown aggregation factors from the cell surface are also supposed to be necessary for the process of regeneration. Legend Boy on Apr 28, at am. Iam trying to copy this article and it is does'nt work why????????? Study Score on May 04, at pm. Thank you for your comment. Our material is copy protected. Ch Hassan Ali Azad on Jan 30, at pm. Gemmules are aggregates of sponge tissue and food, covered by a hard coating containing spicules or spongin fibers. Sexual reproduction also occurs.

Most sponges are hermaphroditic, the same individual producing eggs and sperm, but in some species the sexes are separate. Sponges are generally sessile as adults and spend their lives attached to a fixed substratum. They do not show movement over large distances like other free-swimming marine invertebrates. However, sponge cells are capable of creeping along substrata via organizational plasticity , i.

Under experimental conditions, researchers have shown that sponge cells spread on a physical support demonstrate a leading edge for directed movement. It has been speculated that this localized creeping movement may help sponges adjust to microenvironments near the point of attachment.

It must be noted, however, that this pattern of movement has been documented in laboratories, it remains to be observed in natural sponge habitats. Improve this page Learn More. Skip to main content. Module Invertebrates. Search for:. Physiological Processes in Sponges Learning Outcomes Explain the various body forms and bodily functions of sponges. Physiological Processes in Sponges Sponges, despite being simple organisms, regulate their different physiological processes through a variety of mechanisms.

Metabolism Sponges lack complex digestive, respiratory, circulatory, reproductive, and nervous systems. This diffusion of water through the body supports major functions in the sponge. Reproduction Sponges reproduce by sexual, as well as, asexual methods.

Locomotion Sponges are generally sessile as adults and spend their lives attached to a fixed substratum. Provided by : Boundless. Provided by : Wiktionary. Located at : en. Provided by : Wikipedia. November 16, Provided by : Wikibooks. Provided by : Wikimedia. Located at : commons. October 17,